Mining on the Moon: Policy Paths Forward

 

Eli Beaubien

July 8, 2025

 

Executive Summary

Mining for critical resources on the moon has emerged as a new frontier in the growing competition between the U.S. and China. Helium-3 (3He), found in much greater abundance on the moon than on Earth, is the primary driver for lunar resource extraction given its necessity for two high-priority emerging technologies: 1) nuclear fusion and 2) quantum computing. 3He’s elemental properties enable the optimization and operationalization of fusion and quantum, both of which offer capabilities of the highest caliber for their respective applications in energy efficiency and machine problem solving (cryptography, data modeling, theoretical research, drug discovery, etc.). Failure to be first in securing moon-based 3He deposits threatens national security and undermines U.S. authority in future outer space governance and exploration.

Mining on the moon is situated in technical complexity, legal ambiguity, and high capital costs. Successful helium-3 extraction may also cause escalation between the U.S. and China that could trigger wider and deadlier conflict, perhaps even on the moon. Private companies are taking on the burden of innovation and rocket manufacturing, but without public sector support and governance, corporate monopolies of critical resources like helium-3 could disrupt global markets and undermine federal institutions and authority. The uncharted nature of lunar mining presents numerous policy avenues that serve to mitigate potential negative externalities. Regardless of what is or is not pursued, a few things are certain: clearly defined boundaries, informational transparency, and international collaboration are necessary in creating a sound political, economic, and social ecosystem for lunar mining and any future celestial endeavor.

 

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